{"id":5949,"date":"2017-05-25T15:13:45","date_gmt":"2017-05-25T20:13:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/?page_id=5949"},"modified":"2017-06-14T08:06:11","modified_gmt":"2017-06-14T13:06:11","slug":"glossary-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"glossary-list-details\"><ul class=\"glossary-list\"><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/abstraction\/\" title=\"abstraction\" >abstraction<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The use of conceptual categories, such as verbs, pragmatic functions, discourse markers, play behaviors, etc., for analysis, instead of the actual utterance or behavior itself. The definition and identification of any behavior requires some level of abstraction from the actual phenomena.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/alternating-treatment-design\/\" title=\"alternating treatment design\" >alternating treatment design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>One type of single-case design in which two different treatments are alternately applied within a single treatment phase, to assess the relative effectiveness of each treatment on the client&#8217;s performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/alternative-explanation\/\" title=\"alternative explanation\" >alternative explanation<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A different interpretation for the results of an experiment. If a counter explanation for the results can be shown to be plausible, then the internal validity (current causal explanation) of the study is called into question. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/average\/\" title=\"average\" >average<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A measure of the center or central tendency of a dataset. The mean, median and mode comprise three types of averages.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/baseline\/\" title=\"baseline phase\" >baseline phase<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The period of time, in which information on the target problem is collected before initiating formal intervention.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/benchmark\/\" title=\"benchmark\" >benchmark<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A\u00a0standard or point of reference against which things may be compared or assessed. In Therapy-Science, benchmark lines can span phase boundaries and can be nonlinear. The benchmark tool is located in the settings menu of the graph.<br \/>\nSee: <a href=\"http:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/how-to-make-goals-and-benchmarks\/\">How-To: Make Goals and Benchmarks<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/between-phase\/\" title=\"between-phase\" >between-phase<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>comparing the data paths between two treatment phases.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/case-controlled-study\/\" title=\"case-controlled study\" >case-controlled study<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. Case-controlled studies are often used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition\/disease (the \u201ccases\u201d) with patients who do not have the condition\/disease but are otherwise similar (the \u201ccontrols\u201d). They require fewer resources but provide less evidence for causal inference than a randomized control trial. (from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Case-control_study\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/clinic-tracking-data\/\" title=\"clinic tracking data\" >clinic tracking data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Data collected through direct or indirect observation during clinical encounters.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/clinical-guidelines\/\" title=\"clinical guidelines\" >clinical guidelines<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A set of recommendations about the treatment of clients with a specific disorder. Clinical guidelines are based upon systematic reviews and individual research articles, representing best practice guidelines combined with the clinical experience of the reviewers.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/clinical-practice-design\/\" title=\"clinical practice design\" >clinical practice design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Using a single-case methodology as a guide, a clinical practice design, provides an organized means for implementing and evaluating a client&#8217;s performance in a therapy context.  Because of dealing with day-to-day, real-world circumstances, clinical practice designs may not be able to adhere to some of the design requirements for establishing causality, stability or other controls characteristic of single case designs.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/cohort-study\/\" title=\"cohort study\" >cohort study<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A type of longitudinal investigation in which subjects are grouped by a defining characteristic, such as birth or graduation or disability. Cohorts are then compared cross-sectionally at intervals through time. (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cohort_study\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/conclusion-validity\/\" title=\"conclusion validity\" >conclusion validity<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The ability to produce accurate measurements of your observations. Threats to conclusion validity include bias, instrumentation and reliability problems<\/p>\n<p>Related term: measurement validity<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/conservative-dual-criteria-2\/\" title=\"Conservative Dual Criteria\" >Conservative Dual Criteria<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A single-case statistical analysis in which the most conservative contrast (i.e., hardest to reject) based on baseline data, is projected as a line through the adjacent\/treatment phase. A binomial statistical test is then conducted to determine if proportion of treatment data above the comparison line is statistically significant. A 0.25 standard deviation in the direction of the predicted treatment effect is added to the baseline line to reduce problems associated with autocorrelation. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/construct-validity\/\" title=\"construct validity\" >construct validity<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Addresses the issue whether the intervention works the way it is supposed to work to produce the behavior change, or whether something else does.  That is, does the proposed theory or model adequately explain how your intervention produced the results that it did? That is, is the theoretical explanation consistent with its procedural implementation?<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/control-data\/\" title=\"control data\" >control data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Data collected along with treatment data and generalization probes to determine whether treatment progress could be explained by general maturational processes. Control data targets are typically behaviors that generally develop along with target behaviors, but are not expected to be affected by the treatment itself.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/criteria\/\" title=\"criteria\" >criteria<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The stated level of a client&#8217;s performance that indicates the completion of the goal. In <strong>Therapy-Science<\/strong>, the criteria is composed of 4 parts: 1) whether the criteria is above or below the client&#8217;s current level of performance, 2) number of successful trials, 3) number of trials in which success will be evaluated, and 4) the criteria level. For more information see <a href=\"http:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/how-to-make-goals-and-benchmarks\/\">How-To: Make Goals and Benchmarks<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/critical-thinking\/\" title=\"critical thinking\" >critical thinking<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and\/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. \u00a0(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.criticalthinking.org\/pages\/defining-critical-thinking\/766\" target=\"_blank\">link<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data\/\" title=\"data\" >data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The information collected during the course of an evaluation to answer the questions being investigated.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data-path\/\" title=\"data path\" >data path<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Consecutive points of a data series within a phase.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data-point\/\" title=\"data point\" >data point<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The visual representation of a single value of the dependent or treatment variable represented on a graph.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data-series\/\" title=\"data series\" >data series<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p> One or more phases of a series of data points comprising a single treatment or measurement.  <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data-set\/\" title=\"data set\" >data set<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>All the data and markup that is included on one single-case design.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data-tracking-plan\/\" title=\"data tracking plan\" >data tracking plan<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The procedures and techniques used to collect the behavioral data relevant to assessing client performance towards achieving a desired outcome.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/data-informed-2\/\" title=\"data-informed\" >data-informed<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Using data obtained from one&#8217;s client to assess and analyze performance, and make decisions about next treatment steps.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/direct-observation\/\" title=\"direct observation\" >direct observation<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The observation and recording of behavior across a variety of contexts (e.g., therapy task, classroom participation, conversation group). In these situations, the practitioner may elicit specific prompts and record the quality of client response, or may do nothing to alter normally occurring spontaneous performance. <em> In either case, the client\u2019s observable behavior serves as the unit of analysis<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/egocentric-thinking\/\" title=\"egocentric thinking\" >egocentric thinking<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Taking one&#8217;s own point of view as \u201cthe truth\u201d before taking into account the needs and beliefs of others. Egocentric decision making is primarily, intuitive, self-centered, and non-reflective.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/evidence-hierarchies\/\" title=\"evidence hierarchy\" >evidence hierarchy<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A ranking of research study types on the basis of their ability demonstrate causal relationships between the intervention and clinical outcome, in order to identify those studies that can eliminate, or are at less risk for systematic error &#8211; by design. Evidence hierarchies, by themselves, don&#8217;t rate the quality of individual studies.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/evidence-based-practice\/\" title=\"Evidence-Based Practice\" >Evidence-Based Practice<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>It is the position of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association that audiologists and speech-language pathologists incorporate the principles of evidence-based practice in clinical decision making to provide high quality clinical care. The term evidence-based practice refers to an approach in which current, high-quality research evidence is integrated with practitioner expertise and client preferences and values into the process of making clinical decisions.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/expert-opinion\/\" title=\"expert opinion\" >expert opinion<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The opinion of a respected authority figure or group obtained through publication or presentation. Expert opinion is not officially sanctioned by an evaluation committee and or based on a formal review of existing research, which is characteristic of a clinical guideline. It is typically considered one the lowest form of research-relevant evidence.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/external-evidence\/\" title=\"external evidence\" >external evidence<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Information accessed from research studies. <em>It is the explicit use of valid external evidence (eg, randomised controlled trials) combined with the prevailing internal evidence that defines a clinical decision as \u201cevidence-based.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/external-validity\/\" title=\"external validity\" >external validity<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The ability to generalize the results of your study or clinical findings to other contexts (e.g., outside of therapy), behaviors, times, or clients (i.e., with the same or different problems).<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/extraneous-variability\/\" title=\"extraneous variability\" >extraneous variability<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p><em>Extraneous variability<\/em> refers to fluctuations in a client&#8217;s performance that are due to influences external to the therapy situation (i.e., context) and not due to treatment. Internal validity threats (e.g., history, maturation, instrumentation, testing, mortality, regression) are likely causes of external variability.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/generalization\/\" title=\"generalization\" >generalization<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The ability to extend the results of a specific intervention beyond the treatment setting to non-clinical daily living contexts, to apply to other behaviors or other individuals.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/generalization-probe-data\/\" title=\"generalization probe data\" >generalization probe data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>These data are collected outside the treatment context, during functional communication activities in applied and\/or naturalistic settings. They address the issue of the application of skills acquired during therapy to real communication contexts and directly address to instrumental outcomes and ultimate outcomes.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/ghosting\/\" title=\"ghosting\" >ghosting<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Removing one or more data points from\u00a0visual and quantitative analysis while maintaining the data in the client&#8217;s record. In Therapy-Science, this is accomplished by enclosing each data point with parentheses. A grayed-out version \u00a0of the datapoint will appear on the graph but will not be connected to the other data points in the series.<\/p>\n<p>Related terms: ghost, ghosted data<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/global-assessment\/\" title=\"global assessment\" >global assessment<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The evaluation of an individual&#8217;s general level of functioning (i.e., psychological, physical, communicative, social, occupational domains).<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/goal\/\" title=\"goal\" >goal<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A\u00a0desired result or possible outcome that a person or a system envisions, plans and commits to achieve . In\u00a0<strong>Therapy-Science<\/strong>, goals are restricted to individual phases and specified by criteria statements.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/goal-attainment-scale-2\/\" title=\"Goal Attainment Scale\" >Goal Attainment Scale<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A composite measure of a client\u2019s progress by organizing a variety of performance evaluation and behavior tracking measures into a coherent description of a client\u2019s improvement over time.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): GAS<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/goal-statement\/\" title=\"goal statement\" >goal statement<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Defines the behavioral phenomena that you plan to target for intervention, as well as, the procedures, criteria, and other components that comprise the intervention process needed to evaluate clinically relevant behavioral change. In a well-built\u00a0goal statement, the outcome is operationally defined and evaluated by an explicit criterion, thereby making it testable and falsifiable like a research hypothesis.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/graff\/\" title=\"graff\" >graff<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A dynamic, interactive, visual analysis tool that allows interaction, data exploration, and data analysis to provide both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. Similar to a data graph.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/granularity\/\" title=\"granularity\" >granularity<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The scale or divisibility of a behavior into smaller and smaller parts.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/graph\/\" title=\"graph\" >graph<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A\u00a0diagram or chart displaying the relationship between variables. A single-case graph shows the relationship between the evaluation of one or more treatments over time.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/horizontal-axis\/\" title=\"horizontal axis\" >horizontal axis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The timeline displayed across the bottom of a single-case graph. It is usually marked by sessions, days or weeks. Note that sessions may not represent equal intervals, as the intervals between meeting times may differ. This can impact the visual display of the client&#8217;s performance on the graph.<\/p>\n<p>Related terms: y-axis<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/hypothesis\/\" title=\"hypothesis\" >hypothesis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A prediction about the performance of the the phenomena under study. A scientific hypothesis makes a specific prediction and is testable, that is, it makes provisions for the ways the hypothesis can be rejected. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/igraph\/\" title=\"iGraph&trade;\" >iGraph&trade;<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A dynamic, interactive, visual analysis tool that allows interaction, data exploration, and data analysis to provide both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. Similar to a data graph.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/indirect-observation\/\" title=\"indirect observation\" >indirect observation<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A variety of techniques used to gain information about a stakeholder&#8217;s behavior, values, attitudes, etc., summarize one&#8217;s own or a stakeholder&#8217;s perceptions about the client&#8217;s performance or to judgements about the client&#8217;s quality of experience. These include diaries, interviews, checklists, individualized rating scales and global assessments.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/individualized-rating-scales\/\" title=\"Individualized Rating Scale\" >Individualized Rating Scale<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A set of categories designed to capture the distinct qualities of a client\u2019s problem which can be used by the client and others to rate their success over time. They can be used to identify and assess individualized problems across a wide range of clients. Scale items describe an individual&#8217;s experiences and are rank ordered.<\/p>\n<p>Related terms: IRS<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/inference\/\" title=\"inference\" >inference<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Conclusions made about a behavior phenomena during the identification and coding process, based on evidence and reasoning. Low-level inferences involve identifying behavior based on their physical-perceptual attributes. Higher level inferences involve decisions based on the perceived intentions of the speaker\/actor (<em>He meant it as an insult<\/em>.), value judgements, (<em>that was a bad attempt<\/em>, <em>He didn&#8217;t try hard enough<\/em>), assumed consequences of actions (<em>he went home<\/em> (the speaker based their assumption on standard practice).<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/instability\/\" title=\"instability\" >instability<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Data characterized with a high degree of variability.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/instantaneous-time-sampling\/\" title=\"instantaneous time-sampling\" >instantaneous time-sampling<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>An observation time-sampling technique in which the observer only records the behavior that occurs at the endpoint of each time sample. It is good for recording behavioral states, that is, activities that are relatively long in duration such as attending\/disattending, talking, reading, playing, hand flapping, etc.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/instrumental-outcome\/\" title=\"instrumental outcome\" >instrumental outcome<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Corresponds to the emergence of generalized performance changes that can be observed in other contexts and\/or function independently outside the clinic context. An instrumental outcome may consist of the display of a target behavior in an applied context (e.g., client begins to correctly articulate the \/s\/ phoneme in initial position during conversations with his teacher) or represent a shift in cognitive, emotional or attitudinal stance (e.g., client may pause and reflect before responding to a difficult question). As such, an instrumental outcome may serve as the basis for the attainment of other functional outcomes and <em>best monitored using generalization probes outside the clinic context<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/intermediate-outcome\/\" title=\"intermediate outcome\" >intermediate outcome<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The specific behavior or state that believed to be the prerequisite for the client to progress successfully through the intervention process. It represents the objectives that must be obtained in order to achieve the ultimate goal. An intermediate outcome is similar to a short term objective in that both may focus on a specifiable waypoint in a client\u2019s progress. They differing that an intermediate outcome always represents a waypoint towards the achievement of an ultimate outcome. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/internal-validity\/\" title=\"internal validity\" >internal validity<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Internal validity relates to the causal linkage between the independent (treatment) variable and the dependent (response or outcome) variable. An internally valid study is one which minimizes the threats to internal validity in order to confidently measure causation. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/interquartile-range\/\" title=\"interquartile range\" >interquartile range<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The <em>interquartile range<\/em> (IQR) is a descriptive estimate of variability. Dividing a dataset into 4 quartiles, the IQR represents the range between the 25th (1st) and 75th (3rd) quartile, or the inner 50% of the data.  The median is the 2nd quartile.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): IQR<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/intervention\/\" title=\"intervention\" >intervention<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A condition or phase in which the practitioner treats, trains and\/or provides technology to resolve the target problem or improve performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/legend\/\" title=\"legend\" >legend<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A visual key to the data in the graph, linking a meaningful title to the corresponding data series.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/level\/\" title=\"level\" >level<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The average performance within a phase or data path. Therapy-Science uses the median to calculate level because it is less influenced by extreme scores.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/maintenance-phase\/\" title=\"maintenance phase\" >maintenance phase<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A treatment phase that closely follows the last intervention phase, in which the practitioner provides the client with the strategies for being independently successful, and begins to let the client manage their behavior by themselves. Progress involves both objective and subjective goals.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/mean\/\" title=\"mean\" >mean<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A measure of the average score, derived by summing up all the values then dividing by total number of values. Compared to the median, the mean influenced more by extreme scores, especially in small data sets. The median is used to calculate Level statistics in TS<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/mechanism-based-reasoning\/\" title=\"mechanism-based reasoning\" >mechanism-based reasoning<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Makes claims about the functional relationship between inputs (e.g., an intervention) and patient-relevant outcomes, based on assumptions made about the mechanisms involved (Mechanisms are arrangements of parts\/features of an observed phenomena that describe a stable relationship between its \u2018inputs\u2019 and \u2018outputs\u2019). Such reasoning will involve an inferential chain linking the intervention with a clinical outcome.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/median\/\" title=\"median\" >median<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A measure of the average which utilizes the middle value of a distribution of values\u00a0to represent the average. It differs from the mean, which is derived by summing up all the values\u00a0then dividing by total number of value. Compared to the mean, the\u00a0median is less influenced by extreme scores, especially in small data sets. The median\u00a0is used to calculate\u00a0Level statistics in Therapy-Science.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/mental-verb\/\" title=\"mental verb\" >mental verb<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Verbs that express the intellectual processes or mental states of the speaker, their addressee or anotjer individual who is being talked about (e.g., think, annoy, believe, realize, know, hate).<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/meta-analysis\/\" title=\"meta-analysis\" >meta-analysis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A type of systematic review that addresses a defined research question by using statistical methods to summarize the results of a set of studies that fit pre-specified eligibility criteria. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/moving-average\/\" title=\"moving average\" >moving average<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A statistical technique used to determine a trend in a time-ordered set of data (time series, single case design). In its simple form, a moving average is calculated by averaging initial subset of the data set (e.g., first 3 numbers), averaging successive subsets of the data series by excluding the first number of the previous subset and including the next value in the subset. The trend line that is produced by a moving average smooths out the variability of the data set, while being sensitive to changes in trend within a phase.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/multiple-phase-change-design\/\" title=\"multiple phase-change design\" >multiple phase-change design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A single-case design that consists in making numerous systematic modifications in the goal criteria, task type and\/or task difficulty over the course of an intervention. The changing criteria design is a good example of a multiple phase-change design.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/non-parametric-2\/\" title=\"nonparametric\" >nonparametric<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A set of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques that do not rely on assumptions that the data are drawn from the normal or other probability distributions. Non-parametric methods are particularly suited for analyzing small and non-normally distributed datasets.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/observer-drift\/\" title=\"observer drift\" >observer drift<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A source of measurement error in which accumulated observation experience begins to alter the criteria used by the observer to categorize or evaluate the correctness of observed behavior. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/operational-definition\/\" title=\"operational definition\" >operational definition<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Defines the specific process in which behavior is observed and classified, and\/or the procedures used in eliciting the behavior (e.g., therapy task) are objectively descrived.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/operationalize\/\" title=\"operationalize\" >operationalize<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The process of defining a behavior by its observable features and the specific techniques used to conduct the observation or measurement of the behavior.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/outcome\/\" title=\"outcome\" >outcome<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The expected result of the intervention.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/outlier\/\" title=\"outlier\" >outlier<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>An datapoint\u00a0that lies an distance from other values in a\u00a0data path or data series judged to be abnormal or extreme by the analyst.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/parametric-design\/\" title=\"parametric treatment design\" >parametric treatment design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>An adaption of single case design in which the client\u2019s response to changes in magnitude levels throughout a single session are recorded.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/partial-time-sampling\/\" title=\"partial time-sampling\" >partial time-sampling<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A type of observation time-sampling in which observations are made throughout the entire time-sample. Partial time-sampling is sensitive to recording instances of short duration behaviors, as they will be noted whenever they occur.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/percent-non-overlapping-data\/\" title=\"Percent Non-Overlapping Data\" >Percent Non-Overlapping Data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A quantitative measure that evaluates the proportion of data points in the treatment phase that exceed the most extreme value in the baseline phase. The strength of this analysis is that it is simple and conservative. The two phase series must be largely non-overlapped in order to exceed at least the 70% non-overlap threshold to be considered noticeable.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/non-overlapping-data\/\" title=\"percent non-overlapping data\" >percent non-overlapping data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The proportion of data points in a particular phase that do not overlap with the datapoints in the preceding phase. Typically this measure is used to assess differences between the treatment and baseline phases. Percent non-overlapping data can be calculated in a variety of ways and serves as the basis Percent-Non-Overlapping Data, Conservative Dual Criteria and Tau-U statistical tests.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/phase\/\" title=\"phase\" >phase<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The specific\u00a0course of a treatment. A change in treatment conditions (e.g., shift from baseline to intervention) will result in a phase change. \u00a0The concept of phase is synonymous with the terms\u00a0of \u00a0<em>treatment<\/em>\u00a0and<em> independent variable.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/phase-length\/\" title=\"phase length\" >phase length<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The number of data points comprising\u00a0a data path within a phase.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/phase-line\/\" title=\"phase line\" >phase line<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A vertical line drawn in a single case graph that marks the boundary between treatment phases. It separates\u00a0a data series into data paths. In TS a phase line is created by placing\u00a0a pipe or &#8220;|&#8221; character between data points in the\u00a0data window to create two phases.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/phase-series\/\" title=\"phase series\" >phase series<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Consecutive data points from a data series that fall within a specific phase.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): data path<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/probe\/\" title=\"probe\" >probe<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Data collected outside the treatment context that addresses the generalization of training to other situations and activities. Probe data may be collected in either structured or unstructured context and typically addresses a client&#8217;s instrumental outcomes.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/qualitative\/\" title=\"qualitative\" >qualitative<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The meaning and\/or reasoning underlying client performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/qualitative-analysis\/\" title=\"qualitative analysis\" >qualitative analysis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>An interpretative investigation to identify the meaning underlying client performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/quantitative\/\" title=\"quantitative\" >quantitative<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The numeric values of a data set.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/quantitative-analysis\/\" title=\"quantitative analysis\" >quantitative analysis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Measuring, describing and analyzing the\u00a0numeric values of a data set.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/quasi-experimental-study\/\" title=\"quasi-experimental design\" >quasi-experimental design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>In this family of research designs, the treatment and control groups are different at the beginning of the study. Although the study may be of high quality and the findings significant, the design alone does not control for other differences in the two groups which may explain the study&#8217;s results. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/randomized-control-trial\/\" title=\"randomized control trial\" >randomized control trial<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A study in which people are assigned at random (by chance alone) to receive one of several treatment conditions, including the experimental treatment and either a different type of treatment or no treatment.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/reconstructed-baseline\/\" title=\"reconstructed baseline\" >reconstructed baseline<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Baseline data developed by interviewing stakeholders about the client&#8217;s past performance  (e.g., stuttering essential unchanged last 6 months, speaks only 1 word utterances).<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/reliability\/\" title=\"reliability\" >reliability<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The overall consistency of a test measure or the dependability one&#8217;s observations. For example the consistency in which two observers give the same estimates of a given behavior or the accuracy in which a single observer was able to code similar behaviors over time using the same category would be a matter of reliability. Threats to reliability would include observational inconsistency due to lack of training, observer drift and\/or vigilance problems. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/retrospective-baseline\/\" title=\"retrospective baseline\" >retrospective baseline<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Baseline formed using previous therapy data. Retrospective baselines can be valuable in determining changes over time while participating in therapy.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): archives baseline<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/simple-phase-change-design\/\" title=\"simple phase-change (A|B) design\" >simple phase-change (A|B) design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The simple phase-change design (A|B) design is comprised of two phases, typically a baseline (A) phase and a treatment (B) phase. The baseline phase serves as a control to compare against the client\u2019s performance when receiving intervention services.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): A|B design<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/single-case-design\/\" title=\"single-case design\" >single-case design<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Family of research and evaluation designs characterized by the systematic repeated measurement of client outcomes and regular, frequent, predesignated intervals under different conditions, baseline and intervention, and the evaluation of outcomes over time, and under different conditions in order to monitor client progress, identify intervention fax, and more generally, learn when, why, how, and the extent to which client change occurs. Also known as single\u2013subject design, single\u2013system designs, and N=1 designs, or sometimes time-series or interrupted time-series designs.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/single-case-graff-2\/\" title=\"single-case graff\" >single-case graff<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The single case graph utility that is included as part of the Therapy-Science subscription service.  It is visually modeled after a traditional single case graph, but introduces the  interactivity, visual analysis components, and data exploration and analysis capabilities associated with a graff.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/single-case-igraph\/\" title=\"single-case iGraph&trade;\" >single-case iGraph&trade;<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The single case graph utility that is included as part of the Therapy-Science subscription service.  It is visually modeled after a traditional single case graph, but introduces the  interactivity, visual analysis components, and data exploration and analysis capabilities associated with a iGraph&trade;.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/slope\/\" title=\"slope\" >slope<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p><em>Slope<\/em>\u00a0(or trend) refers to the direction and degree of change typifying a data path as it moves forward in time. Visually, it can be described as upward or increasing, versus downward or decreasing, or flat (i.e., no trend). Trend can also be gradual versus steep, and immediate versus delayed.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/sociocentric-thinking\/\" title=\"sociocentric thinking\" >sociocentric thinking<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A style of thinking and reasoning that involves one&#8217;s rationalization about the world in ways that serve the group with which we are affiliated.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/speech-act\/\" title=\"speech act\" >speech act<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Those utterances or aspect of an utterance that has performative function in language and communication action, particularly with regard to its intention, purpose, or effect.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/stability\/\" title=\"stability\" >stability<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Often used in place of variability, emphasizing its functional application to the single case situation (i.e., stable data = low variability, unstable data = high variability). <\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): spread, drift, dispersion, variability.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/stability-envelope\/\" title=\"stability envelope\" >stability envelope<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The variability of the most stable portion of the data series. It can be estimated using the interquartile range around the median or the variability cloud accessable through the level and trend line functions.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/statistical-significance\/\" title=\"statistical significance\" >statistical significance<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The process of determining whether the probability of the test statistic obtained is more extreme than the probability cutoff value of the null hypothesis (i.e., normal state of affairs). Statistical significance only pertains to the likelihood of occurrence not treatment effect size or real-world importance of the difference. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/systematic-review\/\" title=\"systematic review\" >systematic review<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>An external evidence procedure that addresses a defined research question by collecting and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis uses statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies. As with any other study, systematic analyses and meta-analyses may differ in quality and focus. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/target-performance\/\" title=\"target performance\" >target performance<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The <em>target performance<\/em> or <em>target behavior<\/em> consists of the behavioral elements relevant to your clinical intervention. It described well enough to be identified and discriminated from other non-target performances in the context in which the intervention is taking place. (<a href=\"http:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/3660-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">link<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/tau-u\/\" title=\"Tau-U Test of Non-Overlap\" >Tau-U Test of Non-Overlap<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Statistical test that assesses the difference or non-overlap between two adjacent data paths. The advantages of the Tau-U over other tests are that it takes into account the trend of both the baseline and treatment phases, and limits the influence of the baseline trend across the treatment phase based on their respective phase lengths.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/temporal-precedence\/\" title=\"temporal precedence\" >temporal precedence<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The ability to determine whether the treatment precedes the behavioral observation in time (i.e., the cause precedes the effect). This is a critical component to establishing internal validity.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/theil-sen-estimator\/\" title=\"Theil\u2013Sen trend estimate\" >Theil\u2013Sen trend estimate<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A non-parametric method of trend for robustly fitting a line to a set of points that chooses the median of the slopes of all lines through pairs of two-dimensional sample points.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/time-frame\/\" title=\"time frame\" >time frame<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The duration in which therapy is conducted, event data collected, or the period of time referred to during an interview.  Time frames bound the intervention, observation and coding of your client\u2019s performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/time-sampling\/\" title=\"time sampling\" >time sampling<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A family of methods in which an observation is organized into a series of equal duration time units. Results are reported as the proportion of time units containing at least one instance of the target performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/time-based-behavioral-measure\/\" title=\"time-based behavioral measure\" >time-based behavioral measure<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Any measure that explicitly employs time as a property of the measure, such as duration, latency, or time sampling techniques.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/treatment\/\" title=\"Treatment\" >Treatment<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A systematically formulated set of principles and procedures that are used to modify and improve client performance.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/treatment-data\/\" title=\"treatment data\" >treatment data<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Data gathered while treatment is being conducted.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/treatment-phase\/\" title=\"treatment phase\" >treatment phase<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The specific\u00a0course of treatment. A change in treatment conditions (e.g., shift from baseline to intervention) will result in a phase change. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): treatment, independent variable<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/treatment-only-design\/\" title=\"Treatment-Only Design (B)\" >Treatment-Only Design (B)<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A single-case design that consists of a single phase of treatment data, that is there is no baseline. Changes in intervention can be monitored, but it doesn&#8217;t provide information about the source of the behavior change.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/trend\/\" title=\"trend\" >trend<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The direction and degree of change typifying a data path as it moves forward in time. Visually, it can be described as upward or increasing, versus downward or decreasing, or flat (i.e., no trend). Trend can also be gradual versus steep, and immediate versus delayed.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): slope<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/tukey-fence\/\" title=\"Tukey Fence\" >Tukey Fence<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>A nonparametric outlier detection method. It is calculated by creating a &#8220;fence&#8221; boundary a distance of 1.5 IQR beyond the 1st and 3rd quartiles.  Any data beyond these fences are considered to be outliers. <\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/ultimate-outcome\/\" title=\"ultimate outcome\" >ultimate outcome<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Signals the accomplishment of the client\u2019s treatment objectives, which lead to termination from the treatment program. It is similar to the more traditional long-term goal, but is oriented towards program completion and bears a closer hierarchical relationship to constituent objectives.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/validity\/\" title=\"validity\" >validity<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/variability\/\" title=\"variability\" >variability<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The fluctuation of\u00a0performance in a set of data. In single-case design, the term <em>stability<\/em> is often used in place of variability, emphasizing its functional application to the single case situation (i.e., stable data = low variability, unstable data = high variability). <\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): spread, drift, dispersion, stability.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/vertical-axis\/\" title=\"vertical axis\" >vertical axis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Displays the numeric scale (e.g.,frequency, percent, rating) used in the measurement of the target behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Related term(s): x-axis<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/vigilance\/\" title=\"vigilance\" >vigilance<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>An individuals ability to maintain sustained and focused attention.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/visual-analysis\/\" title=\"visual analysis\" >visual analysis<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Examining the effects of an intervention at different points over time in order to find discontinuities and other patterns that aid in the interpretation of behavioral change.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/visual-representation\/\" title=\"visual representation\" >visual representation<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>Representing numerical information visually, usually through graphs. Visual representation tools assist users in finding patterns in data, and making decisions based on those patterns.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"glossary-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/within-phase\/\" title=\"within-phase\" >within-phase<\/a><br><span class=\"glossary-item-desc\"><p>The data being inspected or analyzed exists <em>within<\/em> a single <em>phase<\/em> of the design.<\/p>\n<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The data being inspected or analyzed exists <em>within<\/em> a single <em>phase<\/em> of the design.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/glossary\/within-phase\/\" style=\"float:right;\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;within-phase&#8221;<\/span> <i class=\"fas fa-chevron-right\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5949","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5949","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5949"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5949\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jethrobelt.com\/buffalo-cds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5949"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}